Examination of the bone marrow is one of the most valuable diagnostic tests to evaluate hematologic disorders.  Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy also is used to stage lymphoproliferative disorders (anemias, low platelet counts, etc.) and for prognostic purposes in chronic lymphoproliferative disorders such as chronic lymphatic leukemia.

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy is also useful in the diagnostic workup of a fever of unknown origin.  The procedure can be used to diagnose the presence of an infection.  Finally, it can be a valuable tool in diagnosing metastatic nonhematopoietic malignancies that have spread to the bone marrow when all other imaging and diagnostic methods have failed.

Proper technique is required to obtain an adequate sample and a suitable specimen for processing.

Complications from a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy include hemophilia or related coagulation disorders and infection involving the biopsy area.

Chronic pain at the site of the bone marrow aspiration and biopsy is very rare.  In dogs, mild sedation and local anesthesia only is needed.  In the cats, because of their small stature and fragile bones, anesthesia is recommended.  Post-procedure pain is uncommon.